Varachet Forte

[gaby]

buna ziua
   cate tratamente consecutive la interval de 7 zile se pot face cu acest produs fara produce prejudicii familiei de albine

[oroles]

Conform prospectului substantele din VF nu au efect asupra albinelor asa ca nu ar trebui sa le dauneze. Eu am facut 3 la 7 zile consecutiv. Calculul meu a fost ca nu ar fi trebuit sa scape prea multi. Oricum, asa cum au mai spus stuparii pe aici exista un anumit risc de a pierde matci undeva intre 1 si 5%. Personal, e al doilea an cand fac tratament si nu am avut nicio pierdere.

[TDI]

buna ziua
   cate tratamente consecutive la interval de 7 zile se pot face cu acest produs fara produce prejudicii familiei de albine

Orice substanta introdusa in familia de albine, intr-o măsură mai mare sau mai mica poate produce prejudicii familiei de albine. Trebuie urmarit totusi beneficiul pe care îl aduce familiei de albine, acesta de multe ori surclasand prejudiciul(hrana, tratamente).
Tratamentul de toamna cu VF se repeta de 3 ori la 7 zile si încă o data in momentul in care nu mai au puiet capacit deloc. Trebuie totusi urmărită temperatura ambientala si respectate indicatiile de pe prospect.

[oroles]

Daca faci 3 tratamente toamna chiar daca mai are puiet, eficienta e maxima. Ori faci doua in lipsa puietului, ori faci trei cand mai are putin puiet. Judecand ca de la ou la albina lucratoare trec 21 de zile, e imposibil ca albina intr-un anumit stadiu sa mai fi fos parazitata de varroa. Parerea mea! 

[stefan1]

Conform prospectului substantele din VF nu au efect asupra albinelor asa ca nu ar trebui sa le dauneze. Eu am facut 3 la 7 zile consecutiv. Calculul meu a fost ca nu ar fi trebuit sa scape prea multi. Oricum, asa cum au mai spus stuparii pe aici exista un anumit risc de a pierde matci undeva intre 1 si 5%. Personal, e al doilea an cand fac tratament si nu am avut nicio pierdere.

  TDI a dat un link unde se discuta despre efectele pentru albine ale Amitrazului. Eu ma indoiesc ca autorul este chiar onest, totusi se spun multe lucruri interesante. Cine cunoaste bine engleza ar putea sa-l traduca.
   http://scientificbeekeeping.com/amitraz-red-flags-or-red-herrings/#a-potential-bombshell

  Varachetul forte are Amitrazul ca unul din componentele  active. Ce spune in acel articol contrazice cumva ce se spune in prospectul medicamentului. Dau pe scurt cateva idei, ce am mai putut eu sa pricep. Desi amitrazul se descompune in scurta vreme dupa tratament si deci nu s-ar mai gasi amitraz in stupi, acolo raman substantele de descompunere, care nu sunt singure taxice, dar se acumuleaza in special in ceara si cand se depasesc anumite limite se propaga si in pastura. Aceste produse (deci netoxice) au o actiune sinergica impreuna cu alte tipuri de insecticide introduse cu nectarul si polenul in stup si afecteaza albinele neletal, dar cu urmari grave in timp. Sa dau numai un aspect de care aud pentru prima data: aceste substante de descompunere a amitrazului determina o crestere a unui hormon (octopamine) in hemolimfa albinelor. Acesta are un rol in trecerea albinelor la stadiu de culegatoare si determina o mai rapida trecere la acest stadiu. Dar totodata are un rol in capacitatea de memorare a albinelor, in sensul ca in concentratii mai mari scad capacitatea de memorare si deci ar putea intra in discutie la CCD (colapsul familiilor, de care s-a tot vorbit).
  Deci concluzia articolului intareste ideea simpla ca este bine sa introducem cat mai putine substante chimice in stup, deci sa nu abuzam cu tratamentele.
  Ar fi interesanta o discutie mai ampla despre ideile din articol, daca se va citi de mai multi forumisti.

[TDI]

El acolo diseca problema, luând treptat partea amitrazului si dupa aceea argumentand împotriva lui.
Bibliografia si notele de subsol ale respectivului articol sunt mai jos:
Citations And Footnotes

[1] In truth, I find little evidence that the rate of winter colony loss in recent years truly lies that far outside the range of historical norms, especially since the introduction of the parasitic mites.

[2] http://extension.psu.edu/plants/tree-fruit/news/2014/pollinators-and-pesticide-sprays-during-bloom-in-fruit-plantings

[3] Typically 95-99% survival November through March.

[4] The quality of some recent studies on the neonics has greatly improved.

[5] To use a favorite phrase of anti-whatever zealots.

[6] http://scientificbeekeeping.com/sick-bees-part-18f2-colony-collapse-revisited-synthetic-pesticides/#toxicological-eras-in-honey-bee-evolution

[7] There was also a short-lived registration of amitraz in strip form– Miticur®. There is considerable debate as to whether Miticur was effective at controlling tracheal mite or whether it actually caused bee kills. One opinion is that of George Imirie: "Staying "true to form" of "letting the chips fall regardless of where", I want to say that certain beekeepers (Know-it-alls) abused the use of Miti-Cur a few years ago, causing the manufacturer to withdraw it from sale. Miti-Cur strips contained Amitraz which, effective on both tracheal and varroa mites, was a fine mite control chemical, and I hated to see it taken off the market. This was caused by the "back yard good-old boys" trying to play "scientist" who figured if 10 was a good dose, then 50 would be better and 5 times faster, and they killed their bees and then had the GALL to sue the manufacturer claiming "defective chemical". Rather than waste money in court defending Miti-Cur, the manufacturer simply removed Miti-Cur from the market." http://www.mainebee.com/articles/georgefeb.php

[8] For instance, the winter loss rates for 1995/95 reported by beekeepers in various states was AR-25; DE-25 to 40; FL-25; IA-43; ME-80; MD-25 to 35; MI-60; MT-1; NY-60 to 70; OK-15 to 100; SD-30 to 60; TN-50; VA-20; WA-50; and WI-67 (http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/files/147970.pdf). From, Amitraz & Tracheal Mites http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/files/147938.pdf

[9] Apiguard® thymol gel had not yet been registered, and it would be a few years before MiteAway® formic acid pads hit the market. As of this writing, oxalic acid is yet to be registered in the U.S.

[10] Unfortunately, I can't provide my usual hard numbers, since sales data and records for off-label use of amitraz are either proprietary or secret.

[11] I hear from other beekeepers in the region that the media reports from Ontario have been primarily from a few beekeepers with a vendetta against the neonics, so it's difficult to sort out the truth.

[12] Health Canada (2013) Evaluation of Canadian Bee Mortalities Coinciding with Corn Planting in Spring 2012. Open access.

[13] According to the manufacturer.

[14] Medhat Nasr, Provincial Apiculturist, various presentations.

[15] Let's do the math. The cost of 4 Apivar strips per treatment, say twice a year, would be over $20, not counting the labor involved in inserting and later removing the strips. That gives the scofflaws a competitive advantage of about $20 in their almond pollination price, or adds 33 cents per pound to an average 60-lb honey crop. It will be interesting, to say the least, to see how this all works out!

[16] Mullin, C (2014) Honey bee toxic interactions with formulation 'inerts' and pesticide residues frequently found in U.S. apiaries. Open access.

[17] Wilson, G (2010) Investigations of Apivar® Efficacy: Fall 2009. Beelines (Saskatchewan) Issue #117.

[18] PMRA (2013) Evaluation Report ERC2013-04 Amitraz

[19] Corta, E, et al (1999). Kinetics and mechanism of amitraz hydrolysis in aqueus media by HPLC and GC-MS. Talanta 48:189-199.

[20] Korta, E, et al (2001) Study of acaricide stability in honey. Characterization of amitraz degradation products in honey and beeswax. J. Agric. Food Chem 49 (12): 5835–5842.

[21] http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/amitraz-ext.html

[22] Elzen, PJ, et al (2000) Control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. resistant to fluvalinate and amitraz using coumaphos. Apidologie 31(3): 437-442. Open access

Sammataro, D, et at (2005) 'The resistance of varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) to acaricides and the presence of esterase', International Journal of Acarology, 31(1):67-74. Open access.

[23] Mullin, CA, et al. (2010) high levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: Implications for honey bee health. PLoS ONE 5(3): e9754.  http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009754

[24] Rennich, Karen, pers comm. Latest published report:   Rennich, K, et al (2012) 2011-2012 National Honey Bee Pests and Diseases Survey Report. Open access.

[25] http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/amitraz-ext.html

[26] GLP = the gold standard of "Good Laboratory Practices." I also edited this quote to change µg/Kg to ppb.

[27] EMEA (1999) Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products; Amitraz (Bees); Summary Report (2). The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. EMEA/MRL/572/99-FINAL.   Open access

[28] I hesitate to publish directions for off-label use of pesticides.

[29] http://scientificbeekeeping.com/sick-bees-part-18f9-colony-collapse-revisited-the-beepesticide-problem-complex/

[30] The LD50 is 12 micrograms per bee by ingestion and 3.6 mg/l by direct spraying http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/amitraz.htm

[31] I say this with the caveat that I'm not sure how the LD50 value for amitraz correlates with that of DMPF. Additionally, the figure for contact in the citation above is sort of meaningless, since it does not specify dose per bee. Generally, oral toxicity is greater than contact toxicity.

[32] Obviously, beekeepers with the slightest degree of intelligence will adjust their treatments to levels below that which causes obvious major bee mortality. However, that doesn't mean that affected bees don't die from behavioral effects impacting the bees once outside the hive. For instance, Frazier observed that "Dead and dying bees collected around colonies in association with corn had only residues of 2,4-DMPF at 5,160 ppb," strongly suggesting that those bees were killed by an application of Tactic.   Frazier, et al (2011) Assessing the reduction of field populations in honey bee colonies pollinating nine different crops.  ABRC 2011.

[33] Maggi, MD, et al (2010) Resistance phenomena to amitraz from populations of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor of Argentina. Parasitol Res 107:1189–1192.

[34] Pires, S, et al (2005). Current effectiveness of amitraz against Varroa in Portugal. 39th Apimondia International Apicultural Congress, pp. 78. Apimondia. Dublin, Irlanda. Failing in Portugal.

[35] Semkiw, P, et al (2013) The amitraz strips efficacy in control of Varroa destructor after many years application of amitraz in apiaries. Journal of Apicultural Science 57(1): 107-121.

[36] Sammataro, Diana, Untalan, Pia, Guerrero, Felix and Finley, Jennifer(2005) 'The resistance of varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) to acaricides and the presence of esterase', International Journal of Acarology 31(1): 67-74.

[37] Dr. Frank Eischen, USDA, in prep, pers comm.

[38] http://www.apivar.co.nz/FAQs.htm

[39] DMPF is the abbreviation for 2,4- dimethylphenyl formamide, which constitutes about half the initial degradation products; the other degradates do not appear to exhibit toxic effect. See Hong, JY, et al (2009) Determination of acaricides in honey by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.30(1): 61-66. Open access.

[40] Hollingworth RM and AE Lund (1982) Biological and neurotoxic effects of amidine pesticides. In, Coats J.R. (Ed.), Insecticide Mode of Action, Academic Press, New York, 1982, pp. 189–227.

[41] Elzen (2000), op cit.

[42] Beeman, RW and F Matsumura (1978)  Formamidine Pesticides-Actions in Insects and Acarines. In, Pesticide and Venom Neurotoxicity, B. Shankland, ed, Springer.

[43] Santiago, GP, et al (2000) Comparing effects of three acaricides on Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using two application techniques. Fla. Entomologist 83: 468-476. Open access.

[44] Hillier, NK, et al (2013) Fate of dermally applied miticides fluvalinate and amitraz within honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) bodies. Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(2):558-565.

[45] Papaefthimiou, C, et al (2013) Biphasic responses of the honeybee heart to nanomolar concentrations of amitraz.  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 107(1): 132–137. Open access.

[46] Loucif-ayad, W, et al (2009) A scientific note on the impact of acaracides on the nutritional biochemistry of Apis mellifera intermissa (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie 41(2): 135 – 137.

[47] Frazier, et al (2011) Assessing the reduction of field populations in honey bee colonies pollinating nine different crops.  ABRC 2011.

[48] EMEA (1999), op cit.

[49] Toth, P (2009) Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid and amitraz on Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) larvae and pupae. M.S. Thesis, U. of Florida Open access.

[50] Ellis, J (2011?) Determining LC50 values for pesticides affecting larval honey bees. Open access.

[51] Pettis JS, et al. (2013) Crop pollination exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema ceranae. PLoS ONE 8(7): e70182.

[52] Cutler, C (2013) Pesticides in Honey Bee Hives in the Maritime Provinces: Residue Levels and Interactions with Varroa mites and Nosema in Colony Stress. Open access.

[53] Botias, C, et al (2012) Nosema spp. parasitization decreases the effectiveness of acaricide strips Apivar®) in treating varroosis of honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis) colonies. Environmental Microbiology Reports 4(1): 57–65.

[54] Dahlgren, E (2011) Effect of amitraz on queens. https://www.extension.org/pages/58650/proceedings-of-the-american-bee-research-conference-2011

[55] Lubinevski, Y, et al (1988) Control of Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae mites using MavrikÒ in A mellifera colonies under subtropical and tropical climates. ABJ 128: 48-52.

[56] Delaplane, KS. & JA Berry (2010) A test for sub-lethal effects of some commonly used hive chemicals, year two. https://www.extension.org/pages/30844/abrc2010-a-test-for-sub-acute-effects-of-some-commonly-used-bee-hive-chemicals#.U-ezqKMuLUw

[57] http://www.beesource.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-299927.html

[58] Johnson RM, Dahlgren L, Siegfried BD, Ellis MD (2013) Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS ONE 8(1): e54092.

[59] Frazier, J, et al (2011) Pesticides and their involvement in Colony Collapse Disorder. http://www.beeccdcap.uga.edu/documents/CAPArticle16.html

[60] Frazier, J, et al (2011) ibid.

[61] Prullage, JB, et al (2011)The combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Veterinary Parasitology 179 (4): 302–310.

[62] Ahmed, MAI & F Matsumura (2012) Synergistic actions of formamidine insecticides on the activity of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 49(6): 1405-1410.

[63] When I asked another toxicologist to review the above paper, he questioned the statistical analysis as far as the calculated confidence limits, but did not deny that there appeared to be some degree of synergy.

[64] Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and dinotefuron.

[65] Joppien, H (1993) Pesticidal compositions comprising amitraz and imidacloprid http://www.google.com/patents/WO1993000009A1?cl=en

[66] Pages 250-252 in Roush, R and BE Tabashnik (1990) Pesticide Resistance In Arthropods. Chapman and Hall.

[67] http://scientificbeekeeping.com/?s=sick+bees+part+2

[68] Drs. Judy Chen and Jay Evans, pers comm.

[69] Kelly M. Brown, KM (2013) Mathematical Models of Honey Bee Populations: Rapid Population Decline. Thesis, University of Mary Washington. Open access.

Khoury DS, Myerscough MR, Barron AB: A quantitative model of honey bee colony population dynamics. PLoS One 2011, 6(4):e18491.

[70] Khoury DS, Barron AB, Myerscough MR (2013) Modelling food and population dynamics in honey bee colonies. PLoS ONE 8(5): e59084.

[71] Goblirsch M, Huang ZY, Spivak M (2013) Physiological and behavioral changes in honey Bees (Apis mellifera) induced by Nosema ceranae infection. PLoS ONE 8(3): e58165.

[72] Schulz, D.J., and G.E. Robinson (2001) Octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 187: 53–61.

[73] "Octopamine-treated colonies consistently produced between two and eight times more precocious foragers than did control colonies matched for size, age demography, genotypic composition, and microenvironment" David J. Schulz,1 Andrew B. Barron,1 Gene E. Robinson (2002) A role for octopamine in honey bee division of labor. Brain Behav Evol 60:350–359. Open access

[74] Cutler, C (2013) Pesticides in Honey Bee Hives in the Maritime Provinces: Residue Levels and Interactions with Varroa mites and Nosema in Colony Stress. Open access.

[75] Sandrock, C, et al. (2014) Impact of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee colony performance and queen supersedure. PLoS ONE 9(8): e103592.

[76] At the high end of field realistic.

[77] Sanchez-Bayo F, Goka K (2014) Pesticide Residues and Bees – A Risk Assessment. PLoS ONE 9(4): e94482. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094482

[78] http://scientificbeekeeping.com/sick-bees-part-18f9-colony-collapse-revisited-the-beepesticide-problem-complex/

[79] http://sesss08.setac.eu/embed/sesss08/Cynthia_Scott-Dupree_Field_study_Reliability_-_A_Honey_bee__Neonicotinoid_PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[80] Pilling, E, et al (2013) A four-year field program investigating long-term effects of repeated exposure of honey bee colonies to flowering crops treated with thiamethoxam. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77193.   The researchers didn't mention whether the queens were marked, but colony survival would have depended upon successful natural supersedure had any queens been lost. I asked the authors for additional information; at least some of the colonies were treated with Apivar

[oroles]

Daca ar fi din cauza amitrazului cu care se fac tratamente de ce CCD-ul se manifesta preponderent in SUA? Cu amitraz se fac tratamente si la noi si pana acum nu exista caz dovedit de CCD. Exista doar niste marturisiri ale unor stupari care nu pot sa spuna sigur ca nu a fost un alt fenomen.

[TDI]

El nu oferă răspunsuri. Doar complieaza rezultatele obținute in cercetare de universitati si cercetători. Din când in când mai face cate un test pe familiile lui de albine, vreo 1800.